> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://knowledge.theholisticcare.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://knowledge.theholisticcare.com/knowledge/research-and-evidence/reading-limitations-and-generalisability.md).

# Reading Limitations & Generalisability

Why sample, duration, control group, measurement, and population determine how far a study can be applied.

Every study has boundaries.

A responsible summary asks not only **“What did the study find?”** but also:

**“How far can this finding reasonably be applied?”**

## Sample size

Small studies may be valuable, but their estimates are less stable and more vulnerable to chance variation.

## Population

Results from:

* university students
* experienced meditators
* clinical patients
* older adults
* school children

should not automatically be generalised to every other population.

## Duration

A benefit measured immediately after a two-week program does not establish that the effect lasts for years.

## Comparison group

Mindfulness may look stronger against no treatment than against another structured, supportive program.

Active controls often provide a more demanding comparison.

## Measurement

Self-report measures, behavioural tasks, clinical diagnosis, physiological measures, and neuroimaging each answer different questions.

## Publication and reporting bias

Positive findings are sometimes more likely to be published or highlighted.

This is one reason systematic reviews and replication matter.

Limitations do not make research useless.

They tell us how carefully to speak about what it shows.

## Related guidance

* [Research & Evidence](https://knowledge.theholisticcare.com/knowledge/research-and-evidence)
* [Understanding Study Types](https://knowledge.theholisticcare.com/knowledge/research-and-evidence/understanding-study-types)
* [Statistical vs Practical Significance](https://knowledge.theholisticcare.com/knowledge/research-and-evidence/statistical-vs-practical-significance)


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